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368 lines
12 KiB
368 lines
12 KiB
=head1 NAME
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perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
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=head1 SYNOPSIS
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B<perl> S<[ B<-sTuU> ]> S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]>
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S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]>
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S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal>] ]>
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S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ]>
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S<[ B<-P> ]> S<[ B<-S> ]> S<[ B<-x>[I<dir>] ]>
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S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]> S<[ B<-e> I<'command'> ]
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[ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...>
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For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections:
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perl Perl overview (this section)
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perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
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perltoc Perl documentation table of contents
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perlbook Perl book information
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perlsyn Perl syntax
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perldata Perl data structures
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perlop Perl operators and precedence
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perlsub Perl subroutines
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perlfunc Perl builtin functions
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perlreftut Perl references short introduction
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perldsc Perl data structures intro
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perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start
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perlpod Perl plain old documentation
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perlstyle Perl style guide
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perltrap Perl traps for the unwary
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perlrun Perl execution and options
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perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
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perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control
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perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial
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perldebug Perl debugging
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perlvar Perl predefined variables
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perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
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perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
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perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial
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perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
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perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
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perlform Perl formats
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perlboot Perl OO tutorial for beginners
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perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1
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perltootc Perl OO tutorial, part 2
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perlobj Perl objects
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perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples
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perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
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perlipc Perl interprocess communication
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perlfork Perl fork() information
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perlnumber Perl number semantics
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perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial
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perlport Perl portability guide
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perllocale Perl locale support
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perlunicode Perl unicode support
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perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
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perlsec Perl security
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perlmod Perl modules: how they work
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perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use
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perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
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perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
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perlfaq1 General Questions About Perl
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perlfaq2 Obtaining and Learning about Perl
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perlfaq3 Programming Tools
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perlfaq4 Data Manipulation
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perlfaq5 Files and Formats
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perlfaq6 Regexes
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perlfaq7 Perl Language Issues
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perlfaq8 System Interaction
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perlfaq9 Networking
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perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro
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perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
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perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips
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perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
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perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
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perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions
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perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
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perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
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perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
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perlfilter Perl source filters
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perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters
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perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated)
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perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
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perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface
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perltodo Perl things to do
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perlhack Perl hackers guide
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perlhist Perl history records
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perldelta Perl changes since previous version
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perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005
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perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004
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perlaix Perl notes for AIX
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perlamiga Perl notes for Amiga
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perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
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perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin
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perldos Perl notes for DOS
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perlepoc Perl notes for EPOC
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perlhpux Perl notes for HP-UX
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perlmachten Perl notes for Power MachTen
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perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
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perlmpeix Perl notes for MPE/iX
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perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2
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perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390
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perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris
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perlvmesa Perl notes for VM/ESA
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perlvms Perl notes for VMS
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perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS
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perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows
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(If you're intending to read these straight through for the first time,
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the suggested order will tend to reduce the number of forward references.)
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By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the
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F</usr/local/man/> directory.
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Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available. The
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default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation
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in the F</usr/local/lib/perl5/man> directory (or else in the F<man>
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subdirectory of the Perl library directory). Some of this additional
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documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find
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documentation for third-party modules there.
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You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1)
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program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up
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files, or in the MANPATH environment variable. To find out where the
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configuration has installed the manpages, type:
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perl -V:man.dir
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If the directories have a common stem, such as F</usr/local/man/man1>
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and F</usr/local/man/man3>, you need only to add that stem
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(F</usr/local/man>) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH
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environment variable. If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add
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both stems.
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If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the
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supplied F<perldoc> script to view module information. You might
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also look into getting a replacement man program.
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If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not
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sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It
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will often point out exactly where the trouble is.
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=head1 DESCRIPTION
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Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
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text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
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reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many
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system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical
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(easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny,
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elegant, minimal).
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Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best
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features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with
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those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language
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historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even
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BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C
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expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not
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arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,
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Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of
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unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called
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"associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded
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performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to
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scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for
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scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm
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files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs
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through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid
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security holes.
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If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or
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B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster,
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and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for
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you. There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk>
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scripts into Perl scripts.
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But wait, there's more...
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Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete
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rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:
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=over 4
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=item *
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modularity and reusability using innumerable modules
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Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>.
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=item *
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embeddable and extensible
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Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>,
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L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>.
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=item *
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roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM implementations)
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Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>.
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=item *
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subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped
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Described in L<perlsub>.
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=item *
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arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions
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Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>.
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=item *
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object-oriented programming
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Described in L<perlobj>, L<perltoot>, and L<perlbot>.
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=item *
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compilability into C code or Perl bytecode
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Described in L<B> and L<B::Bytecode>.
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=item *
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support for light-weight processes (threads)
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Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<Thread>.
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=item *
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support for internationalization, localization, and Unicode
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Described in L<perllocale> and L<utf8>.
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=item *
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lexical scoping
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Described in L<perlsub>.
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=item *
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regular expression enhancements
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Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>.
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=item *
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enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment,
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with integrated editor support
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Described in L<perldebug>.
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=item *
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POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
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Described in L<POSIX>.
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=back
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Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype.
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=head1 AVAILABILITY
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Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
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all Unix-like platforms. See L<perlport/"Supported Platforms">
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for a listing.
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=head1 ENVIRONMENT
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See L<perlrun>.
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=head1 AUTHOR
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Larry Wall <[email protected]>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
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If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
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who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications,
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or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the
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Perl developers, please write to [email protected] .
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=head1 FILES
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"@INC" locations of perl libraries
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=head1 SEE ALSO
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a2p awk to perl translator
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s2p sed to perl translator
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http://www.perl.com/ the Perl Home Page
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http://www.perl.com/CPAN the Comprehensive Perl Archive
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=head1 DIAGNOSTICS
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The C<use warnings> pragma (and the B<-w> switch) produces some
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lovely diagnostics.
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See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use
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diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
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and errors into these longer forms.
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Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
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indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
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(In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each
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B<-e> is counted as one line.)
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Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
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messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>.
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Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w>
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switch?
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=head1 BUGS
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The B<-w> switch is not mandatory.
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Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
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operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point
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output with sprintf().
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If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
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particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread()
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and syswrite().)
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While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
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(apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
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given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers
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displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
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so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
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affected by wraparound).
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You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
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information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
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tree, or by C<perl -V>) to [email protected] . If you've succeeded
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in compiling perl, the B<perlbug> script in the F<utils/> subdirectory
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can be used to help mail in a bug report.
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Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
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don't tell anyone I said that.
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=head1 NOTES
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The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining
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how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
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The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
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Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.
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