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314 lines
11 KiB
314 lines
11 KiB
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The Microsoft DNS Server is currently beta software.
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-------
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Release
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-------
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The MS NT DNS server will ship as part of NT Server 4.0.
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(The latest public version is the NT4.0 beta 2 release.)
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There will no official NT3.51 release of the MS DNS server and no
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support for the MS DNS on NT 3.51.
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The dnsbeta and dnsbug aliases are no longer monitored. As this is now
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an official release, all support issues should be addressed through the
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standard NT4.0 beta channels:
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For support and bug reports regarding NT 4.0 DNS beta, use the WINNT40
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beta forum on Compuserve, and post in the Networking/Protocols section.
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For Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) customers that receive NT 4.0
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Server, use the MSDNLIB forum, section Winnt40.
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------------
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Installation
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------------
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For WindowsNT 4.0 (SUR) Beta, the DNS server is part of the normal setup
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process and may be installed, during network services installation. If
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not installed during setup, DNS may be installed using the network control
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panel applet. After services control panel applet may be used to set
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the startup mode of the DNS service. I recommend using manual startup.
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If you have previously installed the MS DNS service, and are simply
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updating to a later release:
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1. Stop the DNS service. Type "net stop DNS" on the command line, or
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use the services manager in the control panel.
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2. Copy all DNS binaries to the system32 directory.
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3. Run dnssetup.exe. This configures your registry to properly
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start the DNS service.
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4. Copy any database files to system32\dns directory. If using DNS
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manager to configure your site, copy cache.dns to system32\dns.
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A valid cache file is the minimum requirement to boot the server
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and be able to configure it with the DnsAdmin.
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5. "net start dns" will restart your DNS service.
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-------------
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Configuration
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-------------
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You must have a set of database files in place in order for the
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DNS service to start.
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All database files MUST be in %SystemRoot%\system32\dns.
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Required:
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- A cache file (named cache.dns)
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OR
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- A boot file and the database files specified by in the boot file.
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You are encouraged to use the DnsAdmin tool to configure the DNS database
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files for your site. If you have existing database files, the DnsAdmin
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can have the DNS server read those files in.
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OR if you have an existing BIND installation at your site, you can
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simply use your existing BOOT file and database files, place them in the
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system32\dns directory and be ready to run.
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NOTE: sample files are included if you wish to edit files manually, but
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you are encouraged to use the DNS admin tool.
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---------------
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WINS Resolution
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---------------
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The MS DNS server now contains fast, asynchronous resolution through WINS
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lookup.
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In some settings, particularly installations with DHCP enabled WindowsNT,
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Windows95 or WFW3.11 clients, it will be advantageous to enable the DNS
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service to lookup unresolved names through WINS.
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First you must decide which DNS zones have WINS clients. Then on the
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DNS server for that zone, enable WINS resolution, pointing the DNS
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server at the appropriate WINS server(s) that serves the hosts in that
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zone.
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For example, you might have DHCP configured WINS clients in the domain
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"place.dom." Then with WINS lookup if a query for "testhost.place.dom."
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that was NOT found in the place.dom database file, WINS servers would be
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queried for "TESTHOST" resolving the host's address.
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- Setup:
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For each forward lookup domain in which you wish to attempt WINS
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resolution of hostnames, add the "WINS" resource record. See the
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example in place.dom sample file.
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For each reverse lookup domain in which you wish to attempt reverse WINS
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resolution, use the "WINS-R" RR.
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WINS resolution is setup for a zone through the zone properties dialog
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in the DNS manager. (Right click on the zone you wish to configure for
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WINS or WINS Reverse resolution.)
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- How WINS lookup works:
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When the DNS server gets an address query for a name in an
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authoritative zone configured for WINS lookup, and there is NO A record
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for the queried name, then the DNS server queries the WINS server. The
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query is done for the workstation name so for a machine to be found by
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DNS through WINS, it MUST have the workstation service running (it is on
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by default) and be using one of the WINS servers used by the DNS server.
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When the WINS server responds the name and address(es) is cached for 10
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minutes. The short caching time allows the DNS to respond rapidly when
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machines change there IP address through DHCP.
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Note that these cached A records from WINS lookup are NOT transfered
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during a zone transfer. They are not permanent and are not complete.
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The correct "transfer" is to have the secondary DNS servers also running
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WINS lookup. The WINS record itself may be configured to be included in
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the zone transfer.
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- How WINS-R (reverse WINS) lookup works:
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When the DNS server gets a PTR query for a name in an authoritative
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reverse lookup zone configured for NBSTAT lookup, and there is NO PTR
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record for the queried name, then the DNS server does a netBIOS node
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status query on the IP address through NBT. When netBIOS returns, DNS
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checks through the registered names and picks the "best" one. Priority
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is given to the workstation name, then the server name, then any unique
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name. The resulting name is appended with the NBSTAT result domain name
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and a PTR record with the IP to name mapping is cached for 10 minutes.
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Note that as in the case of WINS, the cached PTR records themselves are
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not sent in a zone transfer. The NBSTAT record itself will be sent in
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the zone transfer unless the "LOCAL" flag is set.
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- Zone transfer of WINS / WINS-R
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There is an additional flag for the WINS and WINS-R directives in the
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zone transfer file to allow better interoperability with UNIX during a
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corporate rollout and handle remote sites more efficiently.
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In the DNS Manager under zone properties WINS / WINS-R dialog check the
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box "Settings only affect local server", to avoid sending these records
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in a zone transfer.
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To set this flag can be set in the database files, specify the LOCAL
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flag immediately after the WINS or WINS-R record type. For example:
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@ WINS LOCAL 1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2
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On the primary DNS server, this directive keeps the record from being
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sent in a zone transfer. On the secondary DNS server, it keeps the
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record around even after a zone transfer is sent. This allows you to be
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a secondary to a UNIX DNS, or to specify different WINS servers for a
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secondary which may be at a remote site away from the primary.
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--------------------
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Problems + Reminders
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--------------------
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-> Consult the eventlog.
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The DNS server logs numerous errors, warnings and useful information to the
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event log. If a problem is encountered be sure to check the eventlog.
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-> Error 13: The data is invalid.
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The DNS service will return this error when it is unable to load the
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database.
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1) The location for the DNS database files is now hardcoded to the
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%SystemRoot%\system32\dns directory. DNS configuration and zone files
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will not be read from the %system32%\drivers\etc directory or from a
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directory indicated by the $DIRECTORY directive.
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2) Consult the event log. Most error conditions are reported in the
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eventlog. Those involving problems loading the files usually include
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file and line number.
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-> Doubled domain names.
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A common DNS error is double domain names caused by failing to place
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trailing periods (".") at the end of fully qualified DNS names.
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If the error goes away when you ping the IP address (e.g., pinging
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foobar's IP address gives the correct name), then the problem must
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involve either a CNAME or A record (or both) for foobar with a
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fully-qualified (totally spelled out) domain name on the right hand
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side, that does not end in 'dot'.
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Otherwise, the problem is two-fold:
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1) The reverse-lookup file for the in-addr.arpa domain has the wrong
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domain name in the SOA record, in this case, "dc-tbc.microsoft.com."
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instead of "xxx.in-addr.arpa."
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2) The PTR record for that IP number has an FQDN on the
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right-hand-side (as it generally must) and does not end in 'dot'.
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Generally, If you type the trailing dot on the command line and the
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lookup fails, but it succeeds with a short name, your database files
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have missing dots at the end of FQDNs.
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- Nslookup Incompatibilities
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Some versions of nslookup require server support of the IQUERY opcode,
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which is a deprecated method of looking up an IP number.
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An example session with such an nslookup follows:
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machine# nslookup
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*** Can't find server name for address 1.2.3.4: Not implemented
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*** Can't find initialize address for server : Timed out
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Default Server: localhost
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Bus error (core dumped)
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machine#
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The solution to this problem is to upgrade to a newer version of
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nslookup, which is publicly available on the internet.
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A work-around to this problem is to point nslookup to a BIND name server
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at startup and then issue the "lserver" command to change servers. Most
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nslookup versions support the syntax: "nslookup - initial_server". Be
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sure to specify the initial server as an IP number.
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-----
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Notes
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-----
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- Auto-created reverse lookup zones:
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The DNS server will automatically create the 0.in-addr.arpa,
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127.in-addr.arpa and 255.in-addr.arpa zones if your database setup does
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not include them.
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These zones answer bogus queries for 0.0.0.0, 127.0.0.1 and
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255.255.255.255 IP addresses, keeping these queries from being recursed
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to the root name servers. You are encouraged to simple allow the DNS to
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create these zones and not bother creating themselves.
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- Statistics
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The DNS server provides some statistics on server behavior.
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The DNS manager exposes a very limited subset of these. For viewing and
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clearing the full set of statistics use the DnsCmd.exe tool.
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- Address sorting
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No attempt is made to sort addresses of multi-homed hosts (hosts with
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multiple addresses). The DNS server round robins the address list of
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all multi-homed hosts. This is the simplest solution for handling load
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balancing to a multi-homed server. If this solution is insufficient for
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or causes problems at your site, please send a bug report explaining the
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issue. Optionally providing alternatives to round robinning is under
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consideration.
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- SNMP + Perfmon
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The DNS does not currently export its counters through SNMP or Perfmon.
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This support will be added after the NT4.0 release.
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- Unsupported directives:
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* directory directive (all database files must be in system32\dns)
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* sortlist directive
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* $INCLUDE directive
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- Supported resource records:
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A, PTR, NS, SOA, CNAME, MX, MB, MR, MG, HINFO, TXT, MINFO, RT, RP, X25,
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ISDN, WKS, AFSDB, AAAA are fully supported.
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Note the AAAA is only supported as record data. It is NOT SUPPORTED as
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a DNS host address, i.e. it is NOT returned as additional record data
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during a query for NS or other record types.
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The MD and MF resource types are not supported in database files. These
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record types are obsolete, and references to them should be change to
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the MX type. Occurences of these types in database files are logged to
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the EventLog.
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- Learning about DNS:
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I recommend reading "DNS and BIND" by Paul Albitz and Cricket Liu
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(publisher: O'Reilly and Associates). This book is a great introduction
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to the Domain Name System, and to configuring BIND database files.
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------
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Thanks
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------
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Thank you for participating in the DNS Server beta program, your bug
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reports and suggestions have been most helpful.
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jim
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